SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    23, 280, 282, 12, 248, 159, 278, 1, 109, 
    220, 78, 158
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00082

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "48.41"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_filesort": false,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "range",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "product_id",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "product_id"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 26,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
        "filtered": "18.50",
        "index_condition": "(`pankajecarter_systemone`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (23,280,282,12,248,159,278,1,109,220,78,158))",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "47.45",
          "eval_cost": "0.96",
          "prefix_cost": "48.41",
          "data_read_per_join": "115"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`pankajecarter_systemone`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` = 1) and (`pankajecarter_systemone`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}