SELECT 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id, 
  MIN(
    IF(
      cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount = 0, 
      cscart_product_prices.price, 
      cscart_product_prices.price - (
        cscart_product_prices.price * cscart_product_prices.percentage_discount
      )/ 100
    )
  ) AS price 
FROM 
  cscart_product_prices 
WHERE 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id IN (
    12, 17, 148, 180, 352, 353, 354, 187, 232, 
    345, 346, 435, 439, 443, 230, 231, 429, 
    430, 18, 16, 4, 5, 349, 350, 428, 23, 24, 
    170, 1, 450, 451, 452
  ) 
  AND cscart_product_prices.lower_limit = 1 
  AND cscart_product_prices.usergroup_id IN (0, 1) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_product_prices.product_id

Query time 0.00099

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "84.20"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "table": {
        "table_name": "cscart_product_prices",
        "access_type": "ref",
        "possible_keys": [
          "usergroup",
          "product_id",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "key": "lower_limit",
        "used_key_parts": [
          "lower_limit"
        ],
        "key_length": "3",
        "ref": [
          "const"
        ],
        "rows_examined_per_scan": 376,
        "rows_produced_per_join": 7,
        "filtered": "1.98",
        "index_condition": "(`pankajecarter_systemfour`.`cscart_product_prices`.`lower_limit` <=> 1)",
        "cost_info": {
          "read_cost": "9.00",
          "eval_cost": "1.49",
          "prefix_cost": "84.20",
          "data_read_per_join": "179"
        },
        "used_columns": [
          "product_id",
          "price",
          "percentage_discount",
          "lower_limit",
          "usergroup_id"
        ],
        "attached_condition": "((`pankajecarter_systemfour`.`cscart_product_prices`.`product_id` in (12,17,148,180,352,353,354,187,232,345,346,435,439,443,230,231,429,430,18,16,4,5,349,350,428,23,24,170,1,450,451,452)) and (`pankajecarter_systemfour`.`cscart_product_prices`.`usergroup_id` in (0,1)))"
      }
    }
  }
}